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Today, the largest cider producer is the UK, followed by South Africa then France. Mass produced cider is now facing strong competition from traditional farmhouse "scrumpy" varieties and also many variations of ginger, whiskey and rum flavoured ciders.
A cider allowance was often part of a farm labourers’ wages. With the impact of the dissolution of the monasteries around the late 1500s, much of the cider and orchard knowledge was dispersed. Many of the upper classes created special Still Rooms in their manor houses and cider making became prevalent. .
Cider on both sides of the English Channel has developed its own mythology and comes in various forms: sweet [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], medium and dry, sparkling and still [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], as well as both high and low alcohol level which starts around 3% alcohol by volume and goes up to around 8%. As with beer, there is a distinction between ‘real’ cider, which is still fermented in the cask and that from pressurised metal containers called kegs. Most cider is now carbonated, because this is the current preference.
English cider was given a boost by the One Hundred Years War (1337-1453) which stopped the importation of French wines. During the 18th century, home-grown cider moved into a golden age. Favoured by the upper classes and the common man, alike, the beverage seems to have been so highly esteemed that it was frequently mentioned in literature. John Evelyn praised its medicinal virtues, claiming that it "excites and cleanses the stomach, strengthens the digestion and infallibly frees the kidneys and bladder from breeding the gravel stone."
Upon landing on the Kentish and Essex coasts in England in 55 BC [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the Romans found indigenous peasants drinking intoxicating beverages made from apples. According to ancient records, the Roman leader Julius Caesar eagerly embraced the craft. Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, cider consumption became widespread in England. Orchards were planted to produce cider apples. During medieval times, monks living in monasteries became proficient cider-makers and much of the monasteries’ incomes were derived from selling large quantities of their often strong spiced cider to the public.
Apples have long been recognised as important ingredients in a healthy diet. The fermentation of apple juice is recorded in Ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman writings. Cider is how we describe the finished product and this word is derived from the Hebrew word "Shaker" meaning strong drink. In Greek mythology, Gaia, Mother Earth presented an Apple tree to Zeus and Hera on their wedding day. Hercules stole magic apples from the garden of Hesperides, where the tree was guarded by a serpent. Apples were sacred to Aphrodite and Venus. The Roman goddess Pomana wandered through the countryside with a curved knife pruning apple trees as she went.
The Romans Discover a British Phenomenon
Read on
The Difference Between Apple Juice and Cider
Hot Apple Cider Recipes
How to Make Mulled Cider
Discerning Palates
A Golden Age